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(pronounced as 'four-one-one')

  • 1 Four One One

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Four One One

  • 2 four one one

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > four one one

  • 3 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 4 and

    ənd, ænd
    1) (joining two statements, pieces of information etc: I opened the door and went inside; The hat was blue and red; a mother and child.) y
    2) (in addition to: 2 and 2 makes 4.) y, más
    3) (as a result of which: Try hard and you will succeed.) y
    4) (used instead of `to' with a verb: Do try and come!) y
    and conj y / e
    tr[ænd, ʊnstressed ənd]
    1 y (before i- and hi-) e
    3 (expressing repetition, increase)
    5 (in sums) más
    and ['ænd] conj
    2) : con
    ham and eggs: huevos con jamón
    3) : a
    go and see: ve a ver
    4) : de
    try and finish it soon: trata de terminarlo pronto
    conj.
    • e conj.
    • y conj.
    n.
    • lesbiana s.f.
    • paliativo s.m.
    ænd, weak form ənd
    conjunction [The usual translation y becomes e when it precedes a word beginning with i, hi or y]
    1)
    a) y

    during June and/or July — durante junio y/o julio

    b)

    and so on, and so forth — etcétera, etcétera

    3) (showing continuation, repetition)
    4) (with inf)
    [ænd] [ˌǝnd] [ˌnd] [ˌǝn]
    CONJ
    1) y; (before i-, hi- but not hie-) e

    and? — ¿y?, ¿y qué más?

    and how! * — ¡y (no veas) cómo!

    and/or — y/o

    2) + compar adj
    5) (repetition, continuation)

    she cried and cried — no dejaba de llorar, lloraba sin parar

    please try and come! — ¡procura venir!

    one move and you're dead! — ¡como te muevas disparo!, ¡un solo movimiento y disparo!

    AND In order to avoid two "i" sounds coming together, and is translated by e not y before words beginning with i and hi and before the letter y used on its own:
    ... Spain and Italy...... España e Italia...
    ... grapes and figs...... uvas e higos...
    ... words ending in S and Y...... palabras terminadas en S e Y... Words beginning with hie are preceded by y, since hie is not pronounced "i":
    ... coal and iron mines...... minas de carbón y hierro...
    * * *
    [ænd], weak form [ənd]
    conjunction [The usual translation y becomes e when it precedes a word beginning with i, hi or y]
    1)
    a) y

    during June and/or July — durante junio y/o julio

    b)

    and so on, and so forth — etcétera, etcétera

    3) (showing continuation, repetition)
    4) (with inf)

    English-spanish dictionary > and

  • 5 Coimbra, University of

       Portugal's oldest and once its most prestigious university. As one of Europe's oldest seats of learning, the University of Coimbra and its various roles have a historic importance that supersedes merely the educational. For centuries, the university formed and trained the principal elites and professions that dominated Portugal. For more than a century, certain members of its faculty entered the central government in Lisbon. A few, such as law professor Afonso Costa, mathematics instructor Sidônio Pais, anthropology professor Bernardino Machado, and economics professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar, became prime ministers and presidents of the republic. In such a small country, with relatively few universities until recently, Portugal counted Coimbra's university as the educational cradle of its leaders and knew its academic traditions as an intimate part of national life.
       Established in 1290 by King Dinis, the university first opened in Lisbon but was moved to Coimbra in 1308, and there it remained. University buildings were placed high on a hill, in a position that
       physically dominates Portugal's third city. While sections of the medieval university buildings are present, much of what today remains of the old University of Coimbra dates from the Manueline era (1495-1521) and the 17th and 18th centuries. The main administration building along the so-called Via Latina is baroque, in the style of the 17th and 18th centuries. Most prominent among buildings adjacent to the central core structures are the Chapel of São Miguel, built in the 17th century, and the magnificent University Library, of the era of wealthy King João V, built between 1717 and 1723. Created entirely by Portuguese artists and architects, the library is unique among historic monuments in Portugal. Its rare book collection, a monument in itself, is complemented by exquisite gilt wood decorations and beautiful doors, windows, and furniture. Among visitors and tourists, the chapel and library are the prime attractions to this day.
       The University underwent important reforms under the Pombaline administration (1750-77). Efforts to strengthen Coimbra's position in advanced learning and teaching by means of a new curriculum, including new courses in new fields and new degrees and colleges (in Portugal, major university divisions are usually called "faculties") often met strong resistance. In the Age of the Discoveries, efforts were made to introduce the useful study of mathematics, which was part of astronomy in that day, and to move beyond traditional medieval study only of theology, canon law, civil law, and medicine. Regarding even the advanced work of the Portuguese astronomer and mathematician Pedro Nunes, however, Coimbra University was lamentably slow in introducing mathematics or a school of arts and general studies. After some earlier efforts, the 1772 Pombaline Statutes, the core of the Pombaline reforms at Coimbra, had an impact that lasted more than a century. These reforms remained in effect to the end of the monarchy, when, in 1911, the First Republic instituted changes that stressed the secularization of learning. This included the abolition of the Faculty of Theology.
       Elaborate, ancient traditions and customs inform the faculty and student body of Coimbra University. Tradition flourishes, although some customs are more popular than others. Instead of residing in common residences or dormitories as in other countries, in Coimbra until recently students lived in the city in "Republics," private houses with domestic help hired by the students. Students wore typical black academic gowns. Efforts during the Revolution of 25 April 1974 and aftermath to abolish the wearing of the gowns, a powerful student image symbol, met resistance and generated controversy. In romantic Coimbra tradition, students with guitars sang characteristic songs, including Coimbra fado, a more cheerful song than Lisbon fado, and serenaded other students at special locations. Tradition also decreed that at graduation graduates wore their gowns but burned their school (or college or subject) ribbons ( fitas), an important ceremonial rite of passage.
       The University of Coimbra, while it underwent a revival in the 1980s and 1990s, no longer has a virtual monopoly over higher education in Portugal. By 1970, for example, the country had only four public and one private university, and the University of Lisbon had become more significant than ancient Coimbra. At present, diversity in higher education is even more pronounced: 12 private universities and 14 autonomous public universities are listed, not only in Lisbon and Oporto, but at provincial locations. Still, Coimbra retains an influence as the senior university, some of whose graduates still enter national government and distinguished themselves in various professions.
       An important student concern at all institutions of higher learning, and one that marked the last half of the 1990s and continued into the next century, was the question of increased student fees and tuition payments (in Portuguese, propinas). Due to the expansion of the national universities in function as well as in the size of student bodies, national budget constraints, and the rising cost of education, the central government began to increase student fees. The student movement protested this change by means of various tactics, including student strikes, boycotts, and demonstrations. At the same time, a growing number of private universities began to attract larger numbers of students who could afford the higher fees in private institutions, but who had been denied places in the increasingly competitive and pressured public universities.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Coimbra, University of

  • 6 sound

    sound [saʊnd]
    bruit ⇒ 1 (a) son ⇒ 1 (a)-(d) musique ⇒ 1 (e) sonde ⇒ 1 (g), 1 (h) solide ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (c) en bon état ⇒ 3 (a) sain ⇒ 3 (a), 3 (b) en bonne santé ⇒ 3 (b) sensé ⇒ 3 (c) valable ⇒ 3 (c) bon ⇒ 3 (c), 3 (d) profond ⇒ 3 (e) sonore ⇒ 4 sonner ⇒ 6 (a), 7 (a) prononcer ⇒ 6 (b) ausculter ⇒ 6 (c) sonder ⇒ 6 (c)-(e) résonner ⇒ 7 (a) retentir ⇒ 7 (a) sembler ⇒ 7 (c)
    1 noun
    (a) (noise → of footsteps, thunder, conversation) bruit m; (→ of voice, musical instrument) son m;
    ∎ I was woken by the sound of voices/laughter j'ai été réveillé par un bruit de voix/par des éclats de rires;
    ∎ the sound of a dog barking/a door closing le bruit d'un chien qui aboie/d'une porte qui se ferme;
    ∎ a scratching sound un grattement;
    ∎ a grating sound un grincement;
    ∎ don't make a sound! surtout ne faites pas de bruit!;
    ∎ they tiptoed out without (making) a sound ils sont sortis sur la pointe des pieds sans faire de bruit;
    ∎ there was not a sound to be heard on n'entendait pas le moindre bruit;
    ∎ I love the sound of her voice j'adore le son de sa voix;
    ∎ the plaintive sound of the bagpipes le son plaintif de la cornemuse;
    ∎ within (the) sound of the church bells à portée du son des cloches de l'église
    (b) Physics son m;
    ∎ light travels faster than sound la lumière se déplace plus vite que le son;
    ∎ the speed of sound la vitesse du son
    (c) Linguistics son m;
    ∎ it's a similar sound to the Scots "ch" c'est un son qui ressemble au "ch" écossais;
    ∎ the English vowel sounds les sons mpl vocaliques de l'anglais
    (d) Radio & Television son m;
    ∎ the sound is very poor le son est mauvais;
    ∎ to turn the sound up/down monter/baisser le son ou volume
    (e) (type of music) style m de musique, musique f;
    ∎ the Liverpool sound la musique de Liverpool;
    ∎ a brand new sound has hit the charts un son complètement nouveau a fait son entrée au hit-parade
    (f) (impression, idea)
    ∎ I don't like the sound of these new measures ces nouvelles mesures ne me disent rien qui vaille;
    ∎ it's pretty easy by the sound of it ça a l'air assez facile;
    ∎ he's angry by the sound of it on dirait bien qu'il est fâché
    (g) Medicine (probe) sonde f
    (h) Nautical (sounding line) (ligne f de) sonde f
    (i) Geography (channel) détroit m, bras m de mer
    (j) Ichthyology (air bladder) vessie f natatoire
    familiar (music) zizique f, zicmu f
    (a) (structure, building, wall → sturdy) solide; (→ in good condition) en bon état, sain;
    ∎ built on sound foundations construit sur des fondations solides
    (b) (healthy → person) en bonne santé; (→ body, mind, limbs) sain;
    ∎ to be of sound mind être sain d'esprit;
    ∎ sound in body and mind sain de corps et d'esprit;
    ∎ to be as sound as a bell être en parfaite santé;
    ∎ to be sound of wind and limb avoir bon pied bon œil
    (c) (solid, well-founded → advice, idea, strategy) sensé, judicieux; (→ argument, claim) valable, fondé, solide; (→ reason) valable; (→ basis, knowledge) solide; (→ manager, musician, lawyer etc) compétent, fiable; (→ investment) sûr; (→ company, business) solide;
    ∎ to show sound judgment faire preuve de jugement;
    ∎ do you think that was a sound move? croyez-vous que c'était une décision judicieuse;
    ∎ a sound piece of advice un bon conseil;
    ∎ we need somebody with a sound grasp of the subject il nous faut quelqu'un ayant de solides connaissances en la matière;
    ∎ my knowledge of German history isn't too sound mes connaissances en ce qui concerne l'histoire de l'Allemagne laissent à désirer;
    ∎ his grammar's pretty sound il a de bonnes bases en grammaire;
    ∎ it makes good sound sense c'est tout à fait raisonnable;
    ∎ Crawford seems a sound enough chap Crawford semble être quelqu'un en qui on peut avoir confiance;
    ∎ is she politically sound? ses convictions politiques sont-elles solides?;
    ∎ ecologically sound legislation législation f juste du point de vue écologique;
    ∎ sound financial position situation f financière saine;
    ∎ British familiar sound (as a pound)! super!, génial!
    (d) (severe → defeat) total; (→ hiding) bon;
    ∎ he needs a sound thrashing il a besoin d'une bonne correction
    (e) (deep → sleep) profond;
    ∎ I'm a very sound sleeper j'ai le sommeil profond
    (level, recording) sonore; (broadcasting) radiophonique; Linguistics (change) phonologique
    ∎ to be sound asleep dormir profondément ou à poings fermés
    (a) (bell) sonner; (wind instrument) sonner de;
    ∎ the huntsman sounded his horn le chasseur sonna du cor;
    ∎ to sound the horn klaxonner;
    ∎ the driver behind me sounded his horn le conducteur derrière moi a klaxonné;
    ∎ also figurative to sound the alarm sonner ou donner l'alarme;
    ∎ they sounded the church bells ils sonnèrent les cloches;
    ∎ the bugler sounded the reveille le clairon sonna le réveil;
    ∎ to sound a warning lancer un avertissement
    (b) (pronounce) prononcer;
    ∎ the "p" isn't sounded le "p" ne se prononce pas;
    ∎ he doesn't sound his aitches il ne prononce pas ses "h"
    (c) Medicine (chest, lungs) ausculter; (cavity, passage) sonder
    (d) Nautical sonder
    (e) (person) sonder;
    ∎ to sound public opinion sonder l'opinion publique;
    ∎ I'll try to sound their feelings on the matter j'essaierai de connaître leur sentiment à cet égard
    (a) (make a sound) sonner, résonner, retentir;
    ∎ it sounds hollow if you tap it ça sonne creux lorsqu'on tape dessus;
    ∎ their voices sounded very loud in the empty house leurs voix résonnaient bruyamment dans la maison vide;
    ∎ sirens sounded in the streets des sirènes retentissaient dans les rues;
    ∎ if the alarm sounds, run si vous entendez l'alarme, enfuyez-vous
    (b) British (be pronounced) se prononcer;
    ∎ in English words are rarely spelt as they sound en anglais, les mots s'écrivent rarement comme ils se prononcent
    (c) (seem) sembler, paraître;
    ∎ he sounded sad il semblait triste;
    ∎ he sounded bored il semblait s'ennuyer;
    ∎ the name sounded French le nom avait l'air d'être ou sonnait français;
    ∎ she sounds French elle a l'air d'être française;
    ∎ the translation still sounds a bit French la traduction sonne toujours un peu français;
    ∎ it doesn't sound very interesting to me ça ne m'a pas l'air très intéressant;
    ∎ "attractive four-bedroomed house", how does that sound? "belle maison avec quatre chambres à coucher", qu'est-ce que tu en penses?;
    ∎ (that) sounds like a good idea ça semble être une bonne idée;
    ∎ two weeks in Crete, that sounds nice! deux semaines en Crète, pas mal du tout!;
    ∎ that sounds like trouble! voilà les ennuis!;
    ∎ it sounds like Mozart on dirait du Mozart;
    ∎ you sound as though or as if or like you've got a cold on dirait que tu es enrhumé;
    ∎ it sounds to me as though they don't want to do it j'ai l'impression qu'ils ne veulent pas le faire;
    ∎ it doesn't sound to me as though they want to do it je n'ai pas l'impression qu'ils veuillent le faire;
    ∎ you sound just like your brother on the phone tu as la même voix que ton frère ou on dirait vraiment ton frère au téléphone;
    ∎ it's an instrument which sounds rather like a flute c'est un instrument dont le son ressemble assez à ou est assez proche de la flûte;
    ∎ that sounds like the postman now je crois entendre le facteur
    ►► sound archives phonothèque f;
    ∎ a recording from the BBC sound archives un enregistrement qui vient des archives de la BBC;
    sound barrier mur m du son;
    ∎ to break the sound barrier franchir le mur du son;
    Music sound box caisse f de résonance;
    Computing sound card carte f son;
    sound check soundcheck m;
    Cinema, Television & Radio sound crew équipe f du son;
    sound effects bruitage m;
    Radio sound effects person bruiteur-(euse) m,f;
    sound engineer ingénieur m du son;
    sound hole (of violin, viola etc) ouïe f, esse f; (of guitar, lute etc) rosace f, rose f;
    sound mixer table f ou console f de mixage;
    sound reel bande f son;
    Linguistics sound shift mutation f phonologique;
    sound studio auditorium m ou studio m d'enregistrement;
    sound system (hi-fi) chaîne f hifi; (PA system) sonorisation f;
    sound wave onde f sonore
    (a) (declare one's opinions) crier son opinion sur tous les toits; (complain) râler;
    ∎ he's always sounding off about the management il est toujours à râler contre la direction;
    ∎ to sound off at sb (angrily) passer un savon à qn
    (b) (boast) se vanter□
    (person, public opinion) sonder;
    ∎ the company is sounding out potential buyers la compagnie sonde les acheteurs potentiels
    ✾ Book 'The Sound and the Fury' Faulkner 'Le Bruit et la fureur'
    ✾ Film 'The Sound of Music' Wise 'La Mélodie du bonheur'

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > sound

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